Understanding the Representation of Nāga
The term Nāga generally refers to a serpent. In our cultural traditions, the external depiction of Nāga is often represented as a snake. However, according to ancient philosophers, the concept of Nāga extends beyond its physical serpent form. Our ancestors, who were deep thinkers, symbolized water using the form of Nāga to make it both practical and engaging. Nāga, in essence, is considered a symbol of water, particularly creatures that reside in water. The reverence of Nāga in festivals, dances, arts, and religious rituals is fundamentally linked to the essence of water. This understanding is evident in ancient literary traditions and cultural expressions.
Nāga Symbolism in Architectural Heritage
In our tradition, architectural structures such as gateways (toranas) often symbolize the fundamental elements of the universe—sky, earth, and the space in between. Many ancient and medieval toranas, particularly from the Malla period, feature Nāga carvings as an integral part of their artistic expression. This raises the question: why are Nāga depictions prevalent in such structures?
A closer look at these Malla-era toranas reveals an association with water and clouds. The sky, depicted as a fearsome face, and the earth, represented by a kalash (a water vessel), are connected by an arch with Nāga carvings, symbolizing clouds. However, in the later Malla period, the artistic representation of Nāga became intertwined with mythological and tantric influences. Over time, instead of symbolizing the cosmic connection between the sky, earth, and the elements, the portrayal of Nāga in toranas started emphasizing the mythical enmity between Nāga and Garuda, as mentioned in Hindu scriptures.
Despite these evolving narratives, the fundamental representation of Nāga remains connected to water. Even the tale of Garuda consuming Nāga can be interpreted as a metaphor for the sun’s rays evaporating water. The Garuda, which serves as the mount of Lord Vishnu, is symbolically associated with sunlight, which naturally absorbs water. This correlation suggests that ancient thinkers and artists sought to depict cosmic principles through artistic representations. The widespread presence of Nāga in rivers, ponds, lakes, and pilgrimage sites further supports the notion that Nāga is primarily a water symbol.
Kathmandu Valley: The Realm of Vāsuki Nāga
There is a longstanding belief that Kathmandu Valley is the domain of Vāsuki Nāga, signifying its water-rich nature. Numerous historical texts and scriptures describe how the valley was once a vast lake before being drained through the Chobhar Gorge. While the complete submergence of the valley might seem mythical, the fact that all its water flows out through a single narrow outlet indicates that if this passage were blocked, the valley could still become flooded.
The valley’s fertile land is constantly nourished by water from the surrounding mountains, reinforcing its reputation as a water-abundant region. Given this context, the belief that Kathmandu is under the protection of Vāsuki Nāga is not unfounded. This also explains why, during construction, ancient builders carefully assessed the groundwater levels and the nature of the terrain before laying foundations. The concept of Vāstu Nāga (a guardian serpent associated with architectural principles) emerged from this very necessity.
The Role of Nāga in Ancient Architecture
According to traditional architectural practices, before constructing a house, temple, or stupa, the land was divided into 81 geometrical sections. Based on astrological calculations, the position of Vāstu Nāga was determined. Only after identifying the section associated with Nāga would the excavation begin. This ritual, rooted in the belief that disturbing the resting place of Nāga could bring misfortune, was seen as a way to ensure the stability of structures.
Scientifically, evaluating soil conditions and underground water sources is essential for structural integrity. The idea of Vāstu Nāga may have been an early attempt to systematize this practice. Whether such beliefs are rational or not, they played a crucial role in guiding ancient builders to construct durable buildings in a region prone to water-related challenges.
The Connection Between Nāga Worship and Monsoon
The monsoon season naturally brings concerns about flooding and water damage. If a building’s foundation is weak, even a newly constructed concrete house can collapse during heavy rains. Historical records suggest that sudden destruction of structures due to water-related disasters instilled fear among the people. Even today, landslides and building collapses during the monsoon continue to be a concern.
In response to such fears, people developed the tradition of worshipping Nāga during the monsoon, particularly during Nāga Panchami. By venerating Nāga, they sought spiritual strength and protection from water-related calamities. The significance of Nāga Panchami is deeply rooted in this understanding. Otherwise, there would be no reason to celebrate the festival in the month of Shrawan (July-August), when heavy rains dominate.
The Legend of Nāga Panchami
A popular legend associated with Nāga Panchami tells the story of a farmer who accidentally killed three baby Nāgas while plowing his field. The mother Nāga, enraged by this act, took revenge by biting and killing the farmer, his wife, and their two sons, leaving only his daughter alive. When the mother Nāga approached the daughter with the intent to kill, the girl quickly placed a bowl of milk before her. The Nāga, moved by this gesture, drank the milk and refrained from harming her.
Impressed by the girl’s devotion, the Nāga granted her a wish. The girl pleaded for the revival of her family and for a promise that no one would be harmed by Nāgas on that day. The Nāga agreed, and since then, the festival of Nāga Panchami has been observed as a way to honor Nāgas and seek their protection.
Preserving the Cultural Significance of Nāga
Despite our continued celebration of Nāga Panchami, modern architectural practices often neglect the symbolism behind Nāga. We build concrete structures without considering traditional principles, yet we continue to place Nāga images in our homes for worship. This selective adherence to tradition risks turning an ancient practice into a mere ritual without meaning.
If we are to continue honoring Nāga, we must go beyond mere worship and understand the cultural wisdom embedded in these traditions. Otherwise, myths and legends alone cannot guide us toward meaningful preservation of our heritage.
References
- Nepali Chad-Parbaharu Ko Bibechana, Mana Bajra Bajracharya, 1968